How Are Patterns Used in Art

A principle of art and the universe itself, a pattern is an element (or set of elements) that is repeated in a piece of work or an associated set of works. Artists use patterns as decoration, as a technique of composition, or as an entire piece of artwork. Patterns are diverse and useful as a tool that grabs a viewers attention, whether it be subtle or very apparent. What are Patterns? Patterns are innate parts of art that attract and mesmerize the viewer. The ability to recognize patterns is a baseline skill of humans and identifying patterns in paintings is a practice that tends to have a soothing psychological effect on the viewer.   Pattern recognition is a fundamental function of the human brain—in fact of all animals, and it can apply to visual images but also sound and smell. It allows us to take in and quickly understand our environments. Pattern recognition is what allows us to do everything from recognizing individuals and their emotional states to solving jigsaw puzzles to sensing when a storm is due. As a result, patterns in art satisfy and intrigue us, whether those patterns are clearly identifiable, such as Andy Warhols repeated images of Marilyn Monroe, or must be parsed out, as in Jackson Pollacks seemingly random splatters.   How Artists Use Patterns Patterns can help set the rhythm of a piece of art. When we think of patterns, images of checkerboards, bricks, and floral wallpaper come to mind. Yet patterns go far beyond that: a pattern doesnt always have to be an identical repetition of an element. Patterns have been used since some of the first art was created in ancient times. We see it in a pride of lions on the walls of 20,000-year-old Lascaux Cave, and on the cord-markings in the first pottery made 10,000 years ago. Patterns have regularly adorned architecture throughout the ages. Many artists over the centuries added pattern embellishments to their work, whether strictly as decoration or to signify a known object, such as a woven basket. Art is the imposing of a pattern on experience, and our aesthetic enjoyment is recognition of the pattern.—Alfred North Whitehead (British Philosopher and Mathematician, 1861–1947) Forms of Patterns In art, patterns can come in many forms. An artist may use color to signify a pattern, repeating a single or select palette of colors throughout a work. They can also use lines to form patterns such as in Op Art. Patterns can also be shapes, whether geometric (as in mosaics and tessellations) or natural (floral patterns), that are found in art.   Patterns can also be seen in an entire series of work. Andy Warhols Campbells Soup Can (1962) is an example of a series that, when displayed together as intended, creates a distinct pattern. Artists tend to follow patterns in their entire body of work as well. The techniques, media, approaches, and subjects they choose can show a pattern across a lifetime of work and it often defines their signature style. In this sense,  pattern becomes a part of the process of an artists actions, a behavioral pattern, so to speak. Natural Patterns Patterns are found everywhere in nature, from the  leaves on a tree to the microscopic structure of those leaves. Shells and rocks have patterns, animals and flowers have patterns, even the human body follows a pattern and includes countless patterns within it. In nature, patterns are not set to a standard of rules. Sure, we can identify patterns, but they are not necessarily uniform. Snowflakes nearly always have six sides, but each separate snowflake has a pattern that is different from every other snowflake. A natural pattern can also be broken up by a single irregularity or be found outside of the context of an exact replication. For instance, a species of tree may have a pattern to its branches but that doesnt mean every branch grows from a designated spot. Natural patterns are organic in design. Man-Made Patterns Man-made patterns, on the other hand, tend to strive for perfection. A checkerboard is easily recognizable as a series of contrasting squares drawn with straight lines. If a line is out of place or one square is red rather than black or white, this challenges our perception of that well-known pattern. Humans also attempt to replicate nature within man-made patterns. Floral patterns are a perfect example because we are taking a natural object and turning it into a repeating pattern with some variation. The flowers and vines do not have to be replicated exactly. The emphasis comes from the general repetition and placement of the elements within the overall design. Irregular Patterns in Art Our minds tend to recognize and enjoy patterns, but what happens when that pattern is broken? The effect can be disturbing and it will certainly catch our attention because it is unexpected. Artists understand this, so you will often catch them throwing irregularities into patterns. For example, the work of M.C. Escher plays off our desire for patterns and that is why it is so captivating. In one of his most famous works, Day and Night (1938),  we see the checkerboard morph into flying white birds. Yet, if you look closely, the tessellation reverses itself with blackbirds flying in the opposite direction.   Escher distracts us from this by using the familiarity of the checkerboard pattern along with the landscape below. At first, we know that something isnt quite right and thats why we keep looking at it. In the end, the pattern of the birds mimics the patterns of the checkerboard. The illusion would not work if it did not rely on an uncertainty of pattern. The result is a piece with high impact that is memorable to all who view it. Sources and Further Reading Briggs, John. Fractals: The Patterns of Chaos: a New Aesthetic of Art, Science, and Nature. New York: Touchstone, 1992.Leoneschi, Francesca and Silvia Lazzaris. Patterns in Art: A Closer Look at the Old Masters. Abbeville Press, 2019Mattson, Mark P. Superior Pattern Processing Is the Essence of the Evolved Human Brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience 8 (2014): 265–65. Print.Norman, Jane. Patterns East and West: Introduction to Pattern in Art for Teachers with Slides and Materials. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.  Phillips, David. Patterns in Pictures for Art and Science. Leonardo 24.1 (1991): 31-39. Print.Shen, Xi, Alexei A.  Efros, and Mathieu Aubry. Discovering Visual Patterns in Art Collections with Spatially-Consistent Feature Learning. Proceedings IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). arXiv:1903.02678v2, 2019. Print.Swan, Liz Stillwaggon. Deep Naturalism: Patterns in Art and Mind. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 34.2 (2013): 105–20. Print.

The Effects Of Cyber Forensics On The Criminal And The...

Cyber Forensics plays an important role in the criminal and the civil investigation process. The reason is, that on the one side criminals are abusing digital devices to gain access to information or to modify data on a system, and on the other side criminals are using digital devices to store information about the crime what they committed. Thus, some criminals try to hide or to restrict the accesses to the data on the computer systems to make it difficult or impossible for a forensic examiner to find evidence. This paper describes the hardest problems and challenges in the area of cyber forensics. It gives a briefly overview about the main problems in the investigation process and why the examination of digital evidence is very hard. Cyber forensics becomes a more and more important topic because we are getting more and more connected. All of us are using a kind of digital device to write emails, to surf, to store our appointments in a digital calendar, to store pictures, videos, etc. Consequently, criminals are using digital devices too. They are using digital technology to store information about there criminal activity up to the abusing of a computer system. The problem is that a lot of areas are affected by cyber forensics, e.g. we can use it to conduct an investigation in a homicide case, or in a computer crime like a hacking case, or in a theft case. In other words, cyber forensics is applicable in a lot of crimes and criminals are trying to blur there traces withShow MoreRelatedStandardization of Computer Forensics through Legal and Procedural Enhancements4245 Words   |  17 PagesTechnological advancement in computer technology has opened new horizons for human progress along with creating new criminal opportunities. 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Timing and Cost Planning in Construction

Question: Discuss about the Timing and Cost Planning in Construction. Answer: Introduction: The Project has well defined objective which has to be completed with limited time and number of resources. The activities which are undertaken in managing the resources are computation of the start and finish date, slack time related with every activities, allocation of resources in relation with time, and execution of activities. There are some variables which can affect the completion of the construction project in time. The variables can be categorised as duration of the activity, start and finish date, early completion of the project, late completion of the project, budget associated with the project, constraints related with weather, traffic, resource availability, skilled workers, equipment, and machines. The scheduling of the project must focus the material constraints which may affect the project control. The major task for the successful completion of the project is the scheduling of the resources. The growth of the industries and infrastructure of the nation depends on the working of the construction industry. The factors which should be looked by the construction industry while developing their project is economic development, environmental planning, and using of land. The industry faces many issues in the successful completion of the project such as overrunning of the cost and time, inadequate formulation of the project, and poor planning and management. The successful result can be achieved by good and proper planning, availability of resources, and proper organization. The warning mechanism should be used for predicting success and failure of the project. Project monitoring is the process which can be categorised as warning mechanism which is used for recording, reporting, and collecting of information which is related with the project completion. The process of monitoring focuses on predicting the project progress with respect to time, schedule, and utilization of resources. In this report, we are going to plan, track, and schedule for the proje ct of residency. In this paper, we will focus on identifying sequence of construction for building residency, duration of carrying out activities, development of plan and scheduling, analysing the reason of delay, estimation of budget, and recommendation for improving the planning and scheduling procedures. The scope of the project is to develop the overall strategy for controlling and completion of the project. It focuses on resources associated with the management of staff. The designing, execution, and procurement of should be scheduled within the report. The issues related with quality and cost should also be raised which are responsible for success and failure of the project. The schedule should be prepared which focuses on actual time and cost which is required for completing the construction of residency. Project Stakeholder: Project stakeholders are the individuals who take interest in the expectation of the outcome, project performance, and overall strategy developed for the project completion. The members who are known as stakeholder are owners, designer, project manager, sub-contractor, funder, suppliers, contractors, and social communities. For the efficient working of the project it is important to know about the requirement of the stakeholders (Abdullah, 2015). Project manager is the responsible person for knowing the interest and expectation of5 the stakeholders. From the analysis it has been seen that traditionally the list of stakeholder comprised of owners, designers, project holders, contractors, and sub-contractors. The attitude, opinion, and behaviour of project stakeholders play a vital role in decision making activities. The primary stakeholder of the project are categorised as owners, designers, project manager, and contractors (Horvath, 2011). The secondary stakeholders of the project ar e categorised as persons who are involved in sub-contracting process and supply chain. References: Polekar, U. (2015). Planning, scheduling, and tracking of a residential project.(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ijarcsms.com/docs/paper/volume3/issue5/V3I5-0079.pdf Pawar, S. (2013).Timing and cost planning in construction project(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i8/SUB157277.pdf Joshi, R. (2013).Resource scheduling of construction project: Case study (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i5/SUB154213.pdf Abdullah, H. (2015).Understanding application of project planning and scheduling in construction project (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/files/4293873/7767270.pdf Horvath, A. (2011).Construction for Sustainable development (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein/CEMworkshop/Horvath.pdf